Complex Systems (Hardware and Software) Testing and Certification

New complex chips, often with multiple levels of cores, makes it difficult to understand their internal behaviour and design effective testing strategies, highlighting the challenges of certifying Systems on Chips (SoCs) in the context of multicore architectures. Issues such as power management, firmware updates, and the use of GPUs further complicate the certification process – what is the best test approach and how much data is needed to determine a successful test? Data bus testing from ARINC 429 to 1553, how do you best test data on the bus? The ability to handle in-flight changes, which are more common in military applications but increasingly in civil aviation, requires specific testing approaches and standards. What are best practices with Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) and Software-in-the-Loop (SIL) testing? How do we achieve DO-178C Compliance? Overall, the visualisation, validation and certification in avionics systems necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the underlying hardware, software, and communication protocols.